Functionalist Perspectives
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Robert Merton's Strain theory
Cloward and Ohlin's
Opportunity theory |
- Crime is a symptom of the American Dream ideology.
- Crime is a reflection of our opportunity structure.
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Conflict
Perspectives
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Karl Marx's Critical approach
Meda Chesney-Lind's Feminist approach
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- The powerful use law and the criminal justice system to protect their own class interests.
- Deviance is an expression of inequality.
- Liberal feminism views women’s deviance as arising from gender discrimination; radical feminism focuses on patriarchy; and socialist feminism emphasizes the effects of capitalism and patriarchy on women’s deviance.
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Symbolic Interactionist Perspectives
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Edwin Sutherland's Differential Association theory
Travis Hirschi's Social control/social bonding
Howard Becker's Labeling theory
Edwin Lemert's Primary and Secondary deviance
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- Deviant behavior is learned from people we spend a lot of time with; it becomes normalized.
- Social bonds keep people from becoming criminals because more committed to social norms.
Weak ties --> criminal behavior.
- Acts are deviant or criminal because they have been labeled as such.
- Powerful groups often label less-powerful individuals.
- Primary deviance is the initial act. Secondary deviance occurs when a person accepts the label of “deviant” and continues to engage in the behavior that initially produced the label.
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