THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT

Forces other than running water also wear away solid rock. Crashing waves, for example pulverize coasts into sand, which collects in beaches. Wind scours the surface and piles loose material into dunes. Glaciers excavate entire valleys, carrying the broken rock far from its source.

We finish the book with a look at the remaining major exogenic forces: wind, waves, and ice. All of these process are, or have been, active in Hawai'i.